ဝိက်ရှေန်နရဳ:ပညာရမျာင်အဳဇေတ်

**vowels**
	front	back
high	i~iː	u~uː
low	a~aː

**sound changes**
language stage	dating of change	sound change	“god” nṯr	“find” gmt	“hand” ḏrt	“his hand” ḏrt.f	“lotus flower” z(š)šn	“bow” pḏt	“scribes” zẖꜣww
Old Egyptian	——————————	——————————————————	ˈnaːkaɾ	ˈkʼiːmit	ˈcʼaːɾat	ˈcʼaːɾatVf	zaˈçaːçVn	ˈpʰiːcʼat	zaçˈʀaːwaw
	prehistoric to Old Kingdom, c. 3300–2700 B.C.E.?	k(ʰ) > c(ʰ) / environment unclear	ˈnaːcaɾ	ˈkʼiːmit	ˈcʼaːɾat	ˈcʼaːɾatVf	zaˈçaːçVn	ˈpʰiːcʼat	zaçˈʀaːwaw
	prehistoric to Old Kingdom	V̀ > ∅ / posttonic _$	ˈnaːcaɾ	ˈkʼiːmit	ˈcʼaːɾat	ˈcʼaɾtVf	zaˈçaːçVn	ˈpʰiːcʼat	zaçˈʀaːwaw
	3rd Dynasty onward	ç > ʃ / environment unclear	ˈnaːcaɾ	ˈkʼiːmit	ˈcʼaːɾat	ˈcʼaɾtVf	zaˈʃaːʃVn	ˈpʰiːcʼat	zaçˈʀaːwaw
	6th Dynasty	z > s / _	ˈnaːcaɾ	ˈkʼiːmit	ˈcʼaːɾat	ˈcʼaɾtVf	saˈʃaːʃVn	ˈpʰiːcʼat	saçˈʀaːwaw
	late Old Kingdom onward	ɾ > j / occasionally _$, especially _#	ˈnaːcaɾ	ˈkʼiːmit	ˈcʼaːɾat	ˈcʼaɾtVf	saˈʃaːʃVn	ˈpʰiːcʼat	saçˈʀaːwaw
	late Old Kingdom onward, c. 2200 B.C.E.	c(ʰ) > t(ʰ) / _(V)([w, j])# except #_ c(ʰ) > t(ʰ) / _(V)[b, h] c(ʰ) > t(ʰ) / further unclear environments	ˈnaːtaɾ	ˈkʼiːmit	ˈcʼaːɾat	ˈcʼaɾtVf	saˈʃaːʃVn	ˈpʰiːcʼat	saçˈʀaːwaw
	by Middle Egyptian	j > w / unstressed u_#	ˈnaːtaɾ	ˈkʼiːmit	ˈcʼaːɾat	ˈcʼaɾtVf	saˈʃaːʃVn	ˈpʰiːcʼat	saçˈʀaːwaw
Middle Egyptian	First Intermediate Period	w > j / V́_V̀ except _V̀[w, j]	ˈnaːtaɾ	ˈkʼiːmit	ˈcʼaːɾat	ˈcʼaɾtVf	>! ˈsaːʃVn	ˈpʰiːcʼat	saçˈʀaːwaw
	early Middle Kingdom onward	cʼ > tʼ / _(V)([w, j])# except #_ cʼ > tʼ / _(V)[b, h] cʼ > tʼ / further unclear environments	ˈnaːtaɾ	ˈkʼiːmit	ˈtʼaːɾat	ˈtʼaɾtVf	ˈsaːʃVn	ˈpʰiːtʼat	saçˈʀaːwaw
	Middle Kingdom onward	ʕ > j / often _(V)ħ, ħ(V)_ ʕ > j / sometimes +_ in the same word as χ	ˈnaːtaɾ	ˈkʼiːmit	ˈtʼaːɾat	ˈtʼaɾtVf	ˈsaːʃVn	ˈpʰiːtʼat	saçˈʀaːwaw
	Middle Kingdom	ɾ > ʔ / _$	ˈnaːtaʔ	ˈkʼiːmit	ˈtʼaːɾat	ˈtʼaʔtVf	ˈsaːʃVn	ˈpʰiːtʼat	saçˈʀaːwaw
	Middle Kingdom	n(V̀)w > m / _ if n or ʀ is in the word	ˈnaːtaʔ	ˈkʼiːmit	ˈtʼaːɾat	ˈtʼaʔtVf	ˈsaːʃVn	ˈpʰiːtʼat	saçˈʀaːwaw
	by the late Middle Kingdom	c(ʰ) > t͡ʃ(ʰ) / _ cʼ > t͡ʃʼ / _	ˈnaːtaʔ	ˈkʼiːmit	ˈtʼaːɾat	ˈtʼaʔtVf	ˈsaːʃVn	ˈpʰiːtʼat	saçˈʀaːwaw
	by the New Kingdom, mid second millennium B.C.E.	t(ʰ) > ʔ / _$ except V̀_[ɾ, ħ, h]	ˈnaːtaʔ	ˈkʼiːmiʔ	ˈtʼaːɾaʔ	ˈtʼaʔtVf	ˈsaːʃVn	ˈpʰiːtʼaʔ	saçˈʀaːwaw
	by the New Kingdom	∅ > ə / frequently #_CV̀ʀV́	ˈnaːtaʔ	ˈkʼiːmiʔ	ˈtʼaːɾaʔ	ˈtʼaʔtVf	ˈsaːʃVn	ˈpʰiːtʼaʔ	saçˈʀaːwaw
	by the New Kingdom	ʀ > ɾ / sporadic, in a few words ʀ > l / sporadic, in a few words	ˈnaːtaʔ	ˈkʼiːmiʔ	ˈtʼaːɾaʔ	ˈtʼaʔtVf	ˈsaːʃVn	ˈpʰiːtʼaʔ	saçˈʀaːwaw
	late Middle Kingdom to early New Kingdom, by c. 1400 B.C.E.	ʀ > j / _	ˈnaːtaʔ	ˈkʼiːmiʔ	ˈtʼaːɾaʔ	ˈtʼaʔtVf	ˈsaːʃVn	ˈpʰiːtʼaʔ	saçˈjaːwaw
	late Middle Kingdom to early New Kingdom, by c. 1400 B.C.E.	C[j, w] > [j, w]C / often V́_ except V́_V̀[j, w]	ˈnaːtaʔ	ˈkʼiːmiʔ	ˈtʼaːɾaʔ	ˈtʼaʔtVf	ˈsaːʃVn	ˈpʰiːtʼaʔ	saçˈjaːwaw
	late Middle Kingdom to early New Kingdom, by c. 1400 B.C.E.	waw > wəʔ / [ˈiː, ˈuː]_# waw > jəʔ / ˈaː_# [jaw, waj] > wəʔ / V́_# [w, j]i[w, j] > jəʔ / [ˈaː, ˈuː]_# [w, j]i[w, j] > ʔəʔ / ˈiː_# [w, j]u[w, j] > ʔəʔ / V́_# jaj > ʔəʔ / V́_#	ˈnaːtaʔ	ˈkʼiːmiʔ	ˈtʼaːɾaʔ	ˈtʼaʔtVf	ˈsaːʃVn	ˈpʰiːtʼaʔ	saçˈjaːjəʔ
	late Middle Kingdom to early New Kingdom, by c. 1400 B.C.E.	V̀ > ə / _[j, w]#	ˈnaːtaʔ	ˈkʼiːmiʔ	ˈtʼaːɾaʔ	ˈtʼaʔtVf	ˈsaːʃVn	ˈpʰiːtʼaʔ	saçˈjaːjəʔ
	late Middle Kingdom to early New Kingdom, by c. 1400 B.C.E.	[j, w] > ʔ / posttonic V̀_$ except [j, w]V̀_$ j > ʔ / sometimes V́C_ j > ʔ / V́_V̀ j > ʔ / sometimes V́_$ w > ʔ / sometimes ˈu_$ j > ʔ / pretonic _[V̀, $] w > ʔ / sometimes in pretonic _[V̀, $] j > ʔ / _V́ in most verbs (by analogical leveling) j > ʔ / in a few words _V́ j > ʔ / usually _ˈu	ˈnaːtaʔ	ˈkʼiːmiʔ	ˈtʼaːɾaʔ	ˈtʼaʔtVf	ˈsaːʃVn	ˈpʰiːtʼaʔ	saçˈʔaːjəʔ
	early New Kingdom	ˈi > ˈe / _	ˈnaːtaʔ	ˈkʼiːmiʔ	ˈtʼaːɾaʔ	ˈtʼaʔtVf	ˈsaːʃVn	ˈpʰiːtʼaʔ	saçˈʔaːjəʔ
	New Kingdom, by c. 1350 B.C.E.	unstressed [a, i, u] > ə / _ except #[ʔ, ʕ]_ and _ʔ# unstressed [a, i, u] > ə / ʔ_ʔ# unstressed [i, u] > a / #ʕ_ unstressed i > ə / #ʔ_ ^AFLMS unstressed a > ɞ / #ʔ_[m, p(ʰ), b, f, w] unstressed u > ɞ / #ʔ_ unstressed [a, i, u] > a / _ʔ# except ʔ_	ˈnaːtaʔ	ˈkʼiːmaʔ	ˈtʼaːɾaʔ	ˈtʼaʔtəf	ˈsaːʃən	ˈpʰiːtʼaʔ	səçˈʔaːjəʔ
Late Egyptian	New Kingdom, by c. 1200 B.C.E.	^BFLMS ˈiː > ˈeː / _[ʕ, j]	ˈnaːtaʔ	ˈkʼiːmaʔ	ˈtʼaːɾaʔ	ˈtʼaʔtəf	ˈsaːʃən	ˈpʰiːtʼaʔ	səçˈʔaːjəʔ
		^F ɞ > a / sometimes ɞ > ə / _	ˈnaːtaʔ	ˈkʼiːmaʔ	ˈtʼaːɾaʔ	ˈtʼaʔtəf	ˈsaːʃən	ˈpʰiːtʼaʔ	səçˈʔaːjəʔ
		^AL unstressed a > ə / sometimes #[ʔ, ʕ]_ if the stressed vowel is ˈiː~ˈe	ˈnaːtaʔ	ˈkʼiːmaʔ	ˈtʼaːɾaʔ	ˈtʼaʔtəf	ˈsaːʃən	ˈpʰiːtʼaʔ	səçˈʔaːjəʔ
	New Kingdom	ʔ > ∅ / _ except #_ and V́_	ˈnaːta	ˈkʼiːma	ˈtʼaːɾa	ˈtʼaʔtəf	ˈsaːʃən	ˈpʰiːtʼa	səˈçaːjə
	New Kingdom	b > p / V́_#	ˈnaːta	ˈkʼiːma	ˈtʼaːɾa	ˈtʼaʔtəf	ˈsaːʃən	ˈpʰiːtʼa	səˈçaːjə
	New Kingdom	b > β / _ except ^B _#	ˈnaːta	ˈkʼiːma	ˈtʼaːɾa	ˈtʼaʔtəf	ˈsaːʃən	ˈpʰiːtʼa	səˈçaːjə
	late New Kingdom, c. 1200–1000 B.C.E.	Canaanite shift: ˈaː > ˈoː / _	ˈnoːta	ˈkʼiːma	ˈtʼoːɾa	ˈtʼaʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtʼa	səˈçoːjə
	late New Kingdom, after c. 1200 B.C.E.	ə > ∅ / _# unstressed a > ə / _#	ˈnoːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼaʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtʼə	səˈçoːj
	Third Intermediate Period, c. 1000–800 B.C.E.	ˈuː > ˈeː / _	ˈnoːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼaʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtʼə	səˈçoːj
	Third Intermediate Period, c. 1000–800 B.C.E.	ˈu > ˈø / _	ˈnoːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼaʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtʼə	səˈçoːj
	Third Intermediate Period, c. 1000–800 B.C.E.	^A(L) ˈoː > ˈuː / _[ʔ, ʕ] ^A(L) ˈeː > ˈiː / _[ʔ, ʕ] ^AL ˈa > ˈo~ˈoː / _[ʔ, ʕ]	ˈnoːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼaʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtʼə	səˈçoːj
	Third Intermediate Period, starting c. 1000 B.C.E.	tʼ > t(ʰ) / _ except _V́ tʃʼ > tʃ(ʰ) / _ except _V́ [kʼ, qʼ] > k(ʰ) / _ except _V́	ˈnoːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼaʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	səˈçoːj
	Third Intermediate Period onward	ˈoː > ˈuː / [m, n]([h, ħ])_ except ^B _w	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼaʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	səˈçoːj
	Third Intermediate Period to Late Period	ˈoː > ˈuː / _[ɾ, l] in Semitic loanwords ˈeː > ˈiː / sometimes _ɾ ˈoː > ˈuː / _j	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼaʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	səˈçuːj
	possibly after c. 800 B.C.E.	^F ɾ > l / in most cases; environment unclear	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼaʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	səˈçuːj
Demotic	c. 700–450 B.C.E.	^B ˈa > ˈoː / _w$ except sometimes _w# ^B ˈa > ˈoː / _j$ except sometimes _j#, and except when followed by a suffix pronoun ^B ˈe > ˈoː / _w$ except sometimes _w# ^B ˈe > ˈeː / _j$ except sometimes _j#	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	səˈçuːj
	c. 700–450 B.C.E.	^BS ˈa > ˈo / _ except _[ħ, χ, ç, ʕ] ^BS ˈe > ˈa / _ except _[h, β, l, m, n, ɾ] and sometimes ^S _ʔ# ^BS ˈø > ˈa / _ except _[ʔ, ʕ]	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	səˈçuːj
	c. 700 B.C.E.–100 C.E.	^FM ˈa > ˈe / _[ħ, χ, ç, ʕ]	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	səˈçuːj
	c. 700 B.C.E.–100 C.E.	^BS ˈeː > ˈe / _ħ ^B ˈoː > ˈo / _ħ	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	səˈçuːj
	c. 700 B.C.E.–100 C.E.	^FM ˈø > ˈeː / _[ʔ, ʕ]	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	səˈçuːj
	c. 700 B.C.E.–100 C.E.	^M ˈoː > ˈo / _ except _[ʔ, ʕ]	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	səˈçuːj
	c. 700 B.C.E.–100 C.E.	^A ˈew > ˈo~ˈoː / [m, n]([h, ħ])_#	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	səˈçuːj
	c. 700 B.C.E.–100 C.E.	^F ˈø > ˈeː / _j ^F ˈe > ˈeː / _j	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	səˈçuːj
	c. 700 B.C.E.–100 C.E.	^ALMS ˈe > ∅ / _[β, l, m, n, ɾ]C ^ALMS ˈe > [β, l, m, n, ɾ] / _[β, l, m, n, ɾ][V, #] ^F ˈe > ˈeː or sometimes ˈuː / _[β, l, m, n, ɾ]C ^F ˈe > ˈeː[β, l, m, n, ɾ] or sometimes ˈuː[β, l, m, n, ɾ] / _[β, l, m, n, ɾ][V, #]	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	səˈçuːj
		ˈø > ˈe / _	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	səˈçuːj
		ə > ∅ / often except #[ʔ, ʕ]_ and _(ʕ)#	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sçuːj
		wə > uː / #_	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sçuːj
		Cː > C / generally Cː > mC or nC / occasionally	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sçuːj
		p > β / _[t(ʰ), tʼ] except #_ p > β / occasionally [t(ʰ), tʼ]_	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sçuːj
		^B ʕ > ħ / sporadic and irregular	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sçuːj
		^S f > ɸ / _uː	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sçuːj
		n > m / _([h, ħ])[p(ʰ), m] ^B n > m / _([h, ħ])[β, b]	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sçuːj
		^S k > ŋ / m_# ^S nk > ŋ / _#	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sçuːj
	by c. 600 B.C.E.	χ > k / sporadic, in a few words	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sçuːj
	after c. 450 B.C.E.	C(V̀)ʕ > ʕ(V̀)C / V́_	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sçuːj
	Late Period, after c. 400 B.C.E.	qʼ > kʲʼ / in Semitic loanwords kʼ > kʲʼ / in most cases; not fully predictable k(ʰ) > kʲ(ʰ) / in half of cases; environment unclear	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʲʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sçuːj
	Late Period, after c. 400 B.C.E.	qʼ > kʼ / _	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʲʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sçuːj
	Late Period, c. 400–300 B.C.E.	ç > x / _	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʲʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sxuːj
	Late Period, c. 400–300 B.C.E.	^BFLMS χ > ç / in most cases; environment unclear χ > x / otherwise	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʲʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈsoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sxuːj
	Late Period to Ptolemaic Period?	s > ʃ / _ in the same word as ʃ ^B s > ʃ / _ in the same word as ç s > ʃ / often if t͡ʃʼ or t͡ʃ(ʰ) follow somewhere in the same word s > ʃ / often _kʲʼ and _kʲ(ʰ) ʃʃ > ʃ / _	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʲʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈʃoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sxuːj
	Late Period to Ptolemaic Period, c. 450 B.C.E.–100 C.E.	^B ħ > ʔ / #_a (unstressed) ^AS ħ > ʔ / sporadic, in a few words	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʲʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈʃoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sxuːj
	by the 1st century C.E.	^S h > ∅ / Cʰ_	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʲʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈʃoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sxuːj
	Ptolemaic Period, c. 100–1 B.C.E.	^AFLMS Cʰ > C / _	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʲʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈʃoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sxuːj
	by c. 50 B.C.E.	ˈiː > ˈeː / [m, n]([h, ħ])_ except _[m, n]	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʲʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈʃoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sxuːj
	by c. 1 C.E.	^S ə > ∅ / ʕ_#	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʲʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈʃoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sxuːj
	Roman Period, by c. 100 C.E.	ħ > h / _	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʲʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈʃoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sxuːj
	Roman Period, after c. 100 C.E.	^B h > ∅ / sometimes Cʰ_	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʲʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈʃoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sxuːj
Coptic	early Roman Period (Demotic to Old Coptic)	ʕ > ʔ / #_ and V́_ ʕ > ∅ / otherwise	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʲʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈʃoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sxuːj
	Roman Period, c. 200 C.E.	^FLMS x > h / _	ˈnuːtə	ˈkʲʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈʃoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sxuːj
	Roman Period, early Coptic	^BFLMS ç > ʃ / _ ^B kʲʼ > t͡ʃʼ / _ ^B kʲ(ʰ) > t͡ʃ(ʰ) / _	ˈnuːtə	ˈt͡ʃʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈʃoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sxuːj
	by c. 900 C.E.	ˈeː > ˈiː / often in Greek loanwords	ˈnuːtə	ˈt͡ʃʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈʃoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sxuːj
	by c. 900 C.E.	ˈeː > ˈiː / sometimes if followed by a syllable without iː or ə#	ˈnuːtə	ˈt͡ʃʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈʃoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sxuːj
	by c. 900 C.E.	[ˈeː, ˈe] > ˈa / _	ˈnuːtə	ˈt͡ʃʼiːmə	ˈtʼoːɾə	ˈtʼoʔtəf	ˈʃoːʃən	ˈpʰiːtə	sxuːj
	c. 1300–1400 C.E.	^B p > b / _ except _# ^B [tʼ, t] > d / _ except _# ^B [t͡ʃʼ, t͡ʃ] > d͡ʒ / _ except _# ^B [kʼ, k] > g / _ except _#	ˈnuːdə	ˈd͡ʒiːmə	ˈdoːɾə	ˈdoʔdəf	ˈʃoːʃən	ˈpʰiːdə	sxuːj
	c. 1300–1400 C.E.	^B Cʰ > C / _	ˈnuːdə	ˈd͡ʒiːmə	ˈdoːɾə	ˈdoʔdəf	ˈʃoːʃən	ˈpiːdə	sxuːj
	c. 1400 C.E.	^B p > b / _ ^B g > k / _ ^B β > w / _ ^B t͡ʃ > ʃ / _ ^B d͡ʒ > ɟ / _	ˈnuːdə	ˈɟiːmə	ˈdoːɾə	ˈdoʔdəf	ˈʃoːʃən	ˈbiːdə	sxuːj
	1858–c. 1940 C.E.	^B Coptic pronunciation reform (introduction of artificial spelling pronunciation based on modern Greek)	ˈnuti	ˈd͡ʒimi	ˈtori	ˈtotef	ˈʃoʃen	ˈfiti	sxuj
language stage	dating of change	sound change	“god” ⲛⲟⲩϯ nouti ! “find” ϫⲓⲙⲓ čimi ! “hand” ⲧⲱⲣⲓ tōri ! “his hand” ⲧⲟⲧϥ totf ! “lily” ϣⲱϣⲉⲛ šōšen ! “bow” ⲫⲓϯ phiti ! “scribes” ⲥϧⲟⲩⲓ sxoui