ဝိက်ရှေန်နရဳ:ပညာရမျာင်ခမေန်
These are the rules concerning transliteration in ခမေန် entries.
ဗျဥ်[ပလေဝ်ဒါန်]
| Consonants | Subscript form | Class | IPA (letter) | IPA (before vowel) | IPA (first in cluster) | IPA (final) | UNGEGN (letter) | Wiktionary Transliteration |
Wiktionary Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ក | ្ក | 1 | /kɑː/ | /k/ | /k/ | /k/ | kâ | k | k |
| ខ | ្ខ | 1 | /kʰɑː/ | /kʰ/ | /k/ | /k/ | khâ | kh | kh |
| គ | ្គ | 2 | /kɔː/ | /k/ | /k/ | /k/ | kô | g | k |
| ឃ | ្ឃ | 2 | /kʰɔː/ | /kʰ/ | /k/ | /k/ | khô | gh | kh |
| ង | ្ង | 2 | /ŋɔː/ | /ŋ/ | ― | /ŋ/ | ngô | ṅ | ng |
| ច | ្ច | 1 | /cɑː/ | /c/ | /c/ | /c/ | châ | c | c |
| ឆ | ្ឆ | 1 | /cʰɑː/ | /cʰ/ | /c/ | ― | chhâ | ch | ch |
| ជ | ្ជ | 2 | /cɔː/ | /c/ | /c/ | /c/ | chô | j | c |
| ឈ | ្ឈ | 2 | /cʰɔː/ | /cʰ/ | /c/ | ― | chhô | jh | ch |
| ញ | ្ញ | 2 | /ɲɔː/ | /ɲ/ | ― | /ɲ/ | nhô | ñ | ñ |
| ដ | ្ដ | 1 | /ɗɑː/ | /ɗ/ | /ɗ/ | /t/ | dâ | ṭ | d |
| ឋ | ្ឋ | 1 | /tʰɑː/ | /tʰ/ | /t/ | /t/ | thâ | ṭh | th |
| ឌ | ្ឌ | 2 | /ɗɔː/ | /ɗ/ | ― | /t/ | dô | ḍ | t |
| ឍ | ្ឍ | 2 | /tʰɔː/ | /tʰ/ | ― | /t/ | thô | ḍh | th |
| ណ | ្ណ | 1 | /nɑː/ | /n/ | /n/ | /n/ | nâ | ṇ | n |
| ត | ្ត | 1 | /tɑː/ | /t/ | /t/ | /t/ | tâ | t | t |
| ថ | ្ថ | 1 | /tʰɑː/ | /tʰ/ | /t/ | /t/ | thâ | th | th |
| ទ | ្ទ | 2 | /tɔː/ | /t/ | /t/ | /t/ | tô | d | t |
| ធ | ្ធ | 2 | /tʰɔː/ | /tʰ/ | /t/ | /t/ | thô | dh | th |
| ន | ្ន | 2 | /nɔː/ | /n/ | ― | /n/ | nô | n | n |
| ប | ្ប | 1 | /ɓɑː/ | /ɓ/ | /p/ | /p/ | bâ | p | b |
| ផ | ្ផ | 1 | /pʰɑː/ | /pʰ/ | /p/ | /p/ | phâ | ph | ph |
| ព | ្ព | 2 | /pɔː/ | /p/ | /p/ | /p/ | pô | b | p |
| ភ | ្ភ | 2 | /pʰɔː/ | /pʰ/ | /p/ | /p/ | phô | bh | ph |
| ម | ្ម | 2 | /mɔː/ | /m/ | /m/ | /m/ | mô | m | m |
| យ | ្យ | 2 | /jɔː/ | /j/ | ― | /j/ | yô | y | y |
| រ | ្រ | 2 | /rɔː/ | /r/ | ― | /Ø/ | rô | r | r |
| ល | ្ល | 2 | /lɔː/ | /l/ | /l/ | /l/ | lô | l | l |
| វ | ្វ | 2 | /ʋɔː/ | /ʋ/ | ― | /w/ | vô | v | v |
| ឝ | ្ឝ | 1 | ― | shâ | ś | s | |||
| ឞ | ្ឞ | 2 | ― | ssô | ṣ | s | |||
| ស | ្ស | 1 | /sɑː/ | /s/ | /s/ | /h/ | sâ | s | s |
| ហ | ្ហ | 1 | /hɑː/ | /h/ | /Ø/ | ― | hâ | h | h |
| ឡ | ្ឡ | 1 | /lɑː/ | /l/ | ― | ― | lâ | ḷ | l |
| អ | ្អ | 1 | /ʔɑː/ | /ʔ/ | /ʔ/ | ― | qâ | ʾ | ʾ |
| Digraph consonants | Subscript form | Class | IPA (letter) | IPA (before vowel) | IPA (first in cluster) | IPA (final) | UNGEGN (letter) | Wiktionary Transliteration |
Wiktionary Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ហ្គ | ― | 1 | /ɡɑː/ | /ɡ/ | /ɡ/ | /k/ | gâ | h˳g | g |
| ហ្គ៊ | ― | 2 | /ɡɔː/ | /ɡ/ | /ɡ/ | /k/ | gô | h˳g′ | g |
| ហ្ន | ― | 1 | /nɑː/ | /n/ | ― | ― | nâ | h˳n | n |
| ប៉ | ― | 1 | /pɑː/ | /p/ | /p/ | /p/ | pâ | p″ | p |
| ប៊ | ― | 2 | /ɓɔː/ | /ɓ/ | ― | ― | bô | p′ | b |
| ហ្ម | ― | 1 | /mɑː/ | /m/ | ― | ― | mâ | h˳m | m |
| ហ្ល | ― | 1 | /lɑː/ | /l/ | ― | ― | lâ | h˳l | l |
| ហ្វ | ― | 1 | /fɑː/ /ʋɑː/ |
/f/, /ʋ/ | /f/ | /f/ | fâ, vâ | h˳v | f, v |
| ហ្វ៊ | ― | 2 | /fɔː/ /ʋɔː/ |
/f/, /ʋ/ | /f/ | /f/ | fô, vô | h˳v′ | f, v |
| ហ្ស | ― | 1 | /ʒɑː/ /zɑː/ |
/ʒ/, /z/ | ― | ― | žâ, zâ | h˳s | ž, z |
| ហ្ស៊ | ― | 2 | /ʒɔː/ /zɔː/ |
/ʒ/, /z/ | ― | ― | žô, zô | h˳s′ | ž, z |
| Used in phonetic respellings | |||||||||
| ញ៉ | ― | 1 | /ɲɑː/ | /ɲ/ | ― | ― | nhâ | ñ″ | ñ |
| ម៉ | ― | 1 | /mɑː/ | /m/ | ― | ― | mâ | m″ | m |
| យ៉ | ្យ៉ | 1 | /jɑː/ | /j/ | ― | ― | yâ | y″ | y |
| រ៉ | ្រ៉ | 1 | /rɑː/ | /r/ | ― | ― | râ | r″ | r |
| ល៉ | ្ល៉ | 1 | /lɑː/ | /l/ | ― | ― | lâ | l″ | l |
| វ៉ | ្វ៉ | 1 | /ʋɑː/ | /ʋ/ | ― | ― | vâ | v″ | v |
| ស៊ | ្ស៊ | 2 | /sɔː/ | /s/ | /s/ | /h/ | sô | s | s |
| Diacritics | Examples | IPA | UN Romanization | Wiktionary Transliteration |
Wiktionary Transcription | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a-series | o-series | a-series | o-series | a-series | o-series | a-series | o-series | ||
| (none) | ក | គ | /ɑː/ /ɑ/ (when unstressed in some words) |
/ɔː/ /ɔ/ (when unstressed in some words) |
â | ô | a | ɑɑ, ɑ | ɔɔ, ɔ |
| ់ | កត់ | ទប់ យល់ |
/ɑ/ | /u/ (before labial finals) /ŭə/ (elsewhere) /ɔ/ (elsewhere, in codaless nonfinal syllables) |
á | ó | á | ɑ | u, ŭə, ɔ |
| ័ | ស័ក | ល័ខ ទ័ព |
/a/ | /ĕə/ (before velar finals) /ŏə/ (elsewhere) |
ă | eă oă |
ă | a | ĕə, ŏə |
| ័យ | សម័យ | ជ័យ | /aj/ | /ɨj/ | ăy | ay | ɨy | ||
| ័រ | ជ័រ | /ɔə/ | ăr | ɔə | |||||
| ា | តា | ជា | /aː/ | /iə/ | a | éa | ā | aa | iə |
| ា់ | កាត់ | ទាក់ គាត់ |
/a/ | /ĕə/ (before velar finals) /ŏə/ (elsewhere) |
ă | eă oă |
ā́ | a | ĕə, ŏə |
| ិ | មតិ កិរិយា |
លទ្ធិ និទាន |
/eʔ/ (in stressed syllables) /e/ (elsewhere) |
/iʔ/ (in stressed syllables) /i/ (elsewhere) |
ĕ | ĭ | i | eʾ, e | iʾ, i |
| ិ (with non-glottal coda) |
ចិត្ត | ជិត | /ə/ | /ɨ/ | i | ə | ɨ | ||
| ិយ | ចេតិយ | ឥន្ទ្រិយ | /əj/ | /iː/ | iy | əy | ii | ||
| ិះ | តិះដៀល | ជិះ | /eh/ | /ih/ | iḥ | eh | ih | ||
| ី | បី | ពីរ | /əj/ | /iː/ | ei | i | ī | əy | ii |
| ឹ | ដឹក | ទឹក | /ə/ | /ɨ/ | œ̆ | œ̆ | ẏ | ə | ɨ |
| ឹះ | ឆ្កឹះ | គន្លឹះ | /əh/ | /ɨh/ | ẏḥ | əh | ɨh | ||
| ឺ | ដឺ | គឺ | /əɨ/ | /ɨː/ | œ | œ | ȳ | əɨ | ɨɨ |
| ុ | វត្ថុ កុមារ |
វិទ្យុ គុលិកា |
/oʔ/ (in stressed syllables) /o/ (elsewhere) |
/uʔ/ (in stressed syllables) /u/ (elsewhere) |
ŏ | ŭ | u | oʾ, o | uʾ, u |
| ុ (ុ with non-glottal coda) |
កុន | គុណ | /o/ | /u/ | ŏ | ŭ | u | o | u |
| ុះ | ចុះ | ពុះ | /oh/ | /uh/ | ŏh | ŭh | uḥ | oh | uh |
| ូ | កូរ | គូ | /ou/ | /uː/ | o | u | ū | ou | uu |
| ូវ | ត្រូវ | នូវ | /əw/ | /ɨw/ | ūv | əw | ɨw | ||
| ួ | កួរ | គួរ | /uə/ | /uə/ | uŏ | uŏ | ua | uə | uə |
| ើ | បើ | ឈើ | /aə/ | /əː/ | aeu | eu | oe | aə | əə |
| ើះ | ចង្កើះ | /əh/ | oeḥ | əh | |||||
| ឿ | តឿ | ជឿ | /ɨə/ | /ɨə/ | œă | œă | ẏa | ɨə | ɨə |
| ៀ | តៀប | ទៀប | /iə/ | /iə/ | iĕ | iĕ | īa | iə | iə |
| េ | កិរ្តិ៍ | គេ | /eː/ | /ei/ | é | é | e | ee | ei |
| េច (េ before palatals) |
ម៉េច ចេញ |
ភ្លេច ពេញ |
/ə/ (before palatals) | /ɨ/ (before palatals) | e | ə | ɨ | ||
| េះ | សេះ | នេះ | /eh/ | /ih/ | éh | éh | eḥ | eh | ih |
| ែ | កែ | គែ | /ae/ | /ɛː/ | ê | ê | ae | ae | ɛɛ |
| ែះ | កែះ | /eh/ | aeḥ | eh | |||||
| ៃ | ប្រៃ | ព្រៃ | /aj/ | /ɨj/ | ai | ey | ai | ay | ɨy |
| ោ | កោរ | គោ | /ao/ | /oː/ | aô | oŭ | o | ao | oo |
| ោះ | កោះ | គោះ | /ɑh/ | /ŭəh/ | aôh | ŏăh | oḥ | ɑh | ŭəh |
| ៅ | តៅ | ទៅ | /aw/ | /ɨw/ | au | ŏu | au | aw | ɨw |
| ុំ | ដុំ | ទុំ | /om/ | /um/ | om | ŭm | uṃ | om | um |
| ំ | ចំ | ទំ | /ɑm/ | /um/ | âm | um | aṃ | ɑm | um |
| ាំ | ចាំ | ជាំ | /am/ | /ŏəm/ | ăm | ŏăm | āṃ | am | ŏəm |
| ាំង | តាំង | ទាំង | /aŋ/ | /ĕəŋ/ | ăng | eăng | āṃng | ang | ĕəng |
| ះ | តះ | ទះ | /ah/ | /ĕəh/ | ăh | eăh | aḥ | ah | ĕəh |
| ៈ | /aʔ/ | /ĕəʔ/ | ` | aʾ | ĕəʾ | ||||
| Independent vowels |
UN romanization | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| ឣ | â | /ʔɑʔ/ |
| ឤ | a | /ʔa/ |
| ឥ | ĕ | /ʔe/ |
| ឦ | ei | /ʔəj/ |
| ឧ | ŏ | /ʔ/ |
| ឨ | ||
| ឩ | ŭ | /ʔu/ |
| ឪ | ŏu | /ʔɨw/ |
| ឫ | rœ̆ | /ʔrɨ/ |
| ឬ | rœ | /ʔrɨː/ |
| ឭ | lœ̆ | /ʔlɨ/ |
| ឮ | lœ | /ʔlɨː/ |
| ឯ | é | /ʔeː/ |
| ឰ | ai | /ʔaj/ |
| ឱ, ឲ | aô, aôy | /ʔaːo/ |
| ឳ | âu | /ʔaw/ |
| Diacritics | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| ំ | nɨkkĕəʾhət (និគ្គហិត) | niggahita; nasalizes the inherent vowels and some of the dependent vowels, see anusvara, sometimes used to represent [aɲ] in Sanskrit loanwords |
| ះ | rĕəh muk (រះមុខ) | "shining face"; adds final aspiration to dependent or inherent vowels, usually omitted, corresponds to the visarga diacritic, it maybe included as dependent vowel symbol |
| ៈ | yukuəl pintuʾ, yukĕəʾlĕəʾ pintuʾ (យុគលពិន្ទុ) | yugala bindu ("pair of dots"); adds final glottalness to dependent or inherent vowels, usually omitted |
| ៉ | muusekaʾtŏən (មូសិកទន្ត) | mūsikadanta ("mouse teeth"); used to convert some o-series consonants to the a-series |
| ៊ | trəysap (ត្រីសព្ទ) | trīsabda; used to convert some a-series consonants to the o-series |
| ុ | kbiəh kraom (ក្បៀសក្រោម) | also known as bok cəəng (បុកជើង); used in place when the diacritics trəysap and muusekaʾtŏən impede with superscript vowels |
| ់ | bɑntɑk (បន្តក់) | used to shorten some vowels |
| ៌ | rɔbaat (របាទ) répheăk (រេផៈ) |
rapāda, repha; behave similarly to the tŏəndĕəʾkhiət, corresponds to the Devanagari diacritic repha, however it lost its original function which was to represent a vocalic "r" |
| ៍ | tŏəndĕəʾkhiət (ទណ្ឌឃាដ) | daṇḍaghāta; used to render some letters as unpronounced |
| ៎ | kaak baat, kaakaʾ baat (កាកបាទ) | kākapāda ("crow's foot"); more a punctuation mark than a diacritic; used in writing to indicate the rising intonation of an exclamation or interjection; often placed on grammatical particles such as /na/, /nɑː/, /nɛː/, /vəːj/, and the feminine response /cah/ |
| ៏ | ʾahstaa (អស្តា) | denotes stressed intonation in some single-consonant words[၁] |
| ័ | sangyook saññaa (សំយោគសញ្ញា) | represents a short inherent vowel in Sanskrit and Pali words; usually omitted |
| ៑ | viriəm (វិរាម) | a mostly obsolete diacritic, corresponds to the virāma |
| ្ | cəəng (ជើង) | a.w. coeng; a sign developed by Unicode to input subscript consonants, appearance of this sign varies among fonts |