မာတိကာသို့ ခုန်သွားရန်

အဆက်လက္ကရဴ:ပညာရမျာၚ်အဳဇေတ်

ပလေဝ် လေန်ဂမၠိုင်
နူ ဝိက်ရှေန်နရဳ
vowels
front back
high i~iː u~uː
low a~aː
sound changes
language stagedating of changesound change“god”
nṯr		“find”
gmt		“hand”
ḏrt		“his hand”
ḏrt.f		“lotus flower”
z(š)šn		“bow”
pḏt		“scribes”
zẖꜣww
Old Egyptian————————————————————————————ˈnaːkaɾˈkʼiːmitˈcʼaːɾatˈcʼaːɾatVfzaˈçaːçVnˈpʰiːcʼatzaçˈʀaːwaw
prehistoric to Old Kingdom, c. 3300–2700 B.C.E.?k(ʰ) > c(ʰ) / environment unclearˈnaːcaɾˈkʼiːmitˈcʼaːɾatˈcʼaːɾatVfzaˈçaːçVnˈpʰiːcʼatzaçˈʀaːwaw
prehistoric to Old KingdomV̀ > ∅ / posttonic _$ˈnaːcaɾˈkʼiːmitˈcʼaːɾatˈcʼaɾtVfzaˈçaːçVnˈpʰiːcʼatzaçˈʀaːwaw
3rd Dynasty onwardç > ʃ / environment unclearˈnaːcaɾˈkʼiːmitˈcʼaːɾatˈcʼaɾtVfzaˈʃaːʃVnˈpʰiːcʼatzaçˈʀaːwaw
6th Dynastyz > s / _ˈnaːcaɾˈkʼiːmitˈcʼaːɾatˈcʼaɾtVfsaˈʃaːʃVnˈpʰiːcʼatsaçˈʀaːwaw
late Old Kingdom onwardɾ > j / occasionally _$, especially _#ˈnaːcaɾˈkʼiːmitˈcʼaːɾatˈcʼaɾtVfsaˈʃaːʃVnˈpʰiːcʼatsaçˈʀaːwaw
late Old Kingdom onward, c. 2200 B.C.E.c(ʰ) > t(ʰ) / _(V)([w, j])# except #_
c(ʰ) > t(ʰ) / _(V)[b, h]
c(ʰ) > t(ʰ) / further unclear environments		ˈnaːtaɾˈkʼiːmitˈcʼaːɾatˈcʼaɾtVfsaˈʃaːʃVnˈpʰiːcʼatsaçˈʀaːwaw
by Middle Egyptianj > w / unstressed u_#ˈnaːtaɾˈkʼiːmitˈcʼaːɾatˈcʼaɾtVfsaˈʃaːʃVnˈpʰiːcʼatsaçˈʀaːwaw
Middle EgyptianFirst Intermediate Periodw > j / V́_V̀ except _V̀[w, j]ˈnaːtaɾˈkʼiːmitˈcʼaːɾatˈcʼaɾtVf>! ˈsaːʃVnˈpʰiːcʼatsaçˈʀaːwaw
early Middle Kingdom onwardcʼ > tʼ / _(V)([w, j])# except #_
cʼ > tʼ / _(V)[b, h]
cʼ > tʼ / further unclear environments		ˈnaːtaɾˈkʼiːmitˈtʼaːɾatˈtʼaɾtVfˈsaːʃVnˈpʰiːtʼatsaçˈʀaːwaw
Middle Kingdom onwardʕ > j / often _(V)ħ, ħ(V)_
ʕ > j / sometimes +_ in the same word as χ		ˈnaːtaɾˈkʼiːmitˈtʼaːɾatˈtʼaɾtVfˈsaːʃVnˈpʰiːtʼatsaçˈʀaːwaw
Middle Kingdomɾ > ʔ / _$ˈnaːtaʔˈkʼiːmitˈtʼaːɾatˈtʼaʔtVfˈsaːʃVnˈpʰiːtʼatsaçˈʀaːwaw
Middle Kingdomn(V̀)w > m / _ if n or ʀ is in the wordˈnaːtaʔˈkʼiːmitˈtʼaːɾatˈtʼaʔtVfˈsaːʃVnˈpʰiːtʼatsaçˈʀaːwaw
by the late Middle Kingdomc(ʰ) > t͡ʃ(ʰ) / _
cʼ > t͡ʃʼ / _		ˈnaːtaʔˈkʼiːmitˈtʼaːɾatˈtʼaʔtVfˈsaːʃVnˈpʰiːtʼatsaçˈʀaːwaw
by the New Kingdom, mid second millennium B.C.E.t(ʰ) > ʔ / _$ except V̀_[ɾ, ħ, h]ˈnaːtaʔˈkʼiːmiʔˈtʼaːɾaʔˈtʼaʔtVfˈsaːʃVnˈpʰiːtʼaʔsaçˈʀaːwaw
by the New Kingdom∅ > ə / frequently #_CV̀ʀV́ˈnaːtaʔˈkʼiːmiʔˈtʼaːɾaʔˈtʼaʔtVfˈsaːʃVnˈpʰiːtʼaʔsaçˈʀaːwaw
by the New Kingdomʀ > ɾ / sporadic, in a few words
ʀ > l / sporadic, in a few words		ˈnaːtaʔˈkʼiːmiʔˈtʼaːɾaʔˈtʼaʔtVfˈsaːʃVnˈpʰiːtʼaʔsaçˈʀaːwaw
late Middle Kingdom to early New Kingdom, by c. 1400 B.C.E.ʀ > j / _ˈnaːtaʔˈkʼiːmiʔˈtʼaːɾaʔˈtʼaʔtVfˈsaːʃVnˈpʰiːtʼaʔsaçˈjaːwaw
late Middle Kingdom to early New Kingdom, by c. 1400 B.C.E.C[j, w] > [j, w]C / often V́_ except V́_V̀[j, w]ˈnaːtaʔˈkʼiːmiʔˈtʼaːɾaʔˈtʼaʔtVfˈsaːʃVnˈpʰiːtʼaʔsaçˈjaːwaw
late Middle Kingdom to early New Kingdom, by c. 1400 B.C.E.waw > wəʔ / [ˈiː, ˈuː]_#
waw > jəʔ / ˈaː_#
[jaw, waj] > wəʔ / V́_#
[w, j]i[w, j] > jəʔ / [ˈaː, ˈuː]_#
[w, j]i[w, j] > ʔəʔ / ˈiː_#
[w, j]u[w, j] > ʔəʔ / V́_#
jaj > ʔəʔ / V́_#		ˈnaːtaʔˈkʼiːmiʔˈtʼaːɾaʔˈtʼaʔtVfˈsaːʃVnˈpʰiːtʼaʔsaçˈjaːjəʔ
late Middle Kingdom to early New Kingdom, by c. 1400 B.C.E.V̀ > ə / _[j, w]#ˈnaːtaʔˈkʼiːmiʔˈtʼaːɾaʔˈtʼaʔtVfˈsaːʃVnˈpʰiːtʼaʔsaçˈjaːjəʔ
late Middle Kingdom to early New Kingdom, by c. 1400 B.C.E.[j, w] > ʔ / posttonic V̀_$ except [j, w]V̀_$
j > ʔ / sometimes V́C_
j > ʔ / V́_V̀
j > ʔ / sometimes V́_$
w > ʔ / sometimes ˈu_$
j > ʔ / pretonic _[V̀, $]
w > ʔ / sometimes in pretonic _[V̀, $]
j > ʔ / _V́ in most verbs (by analogical leveling)
j > ʔ / in a few words _V́
j > ʔ / usually _ˈu		ˈnaːtaʔˈkʼiːmiʔˈtʼaːɾaʔˈtʼaʔtVfˈsaːʃVnˈpʰiːtʼaʔsaçˈʔaːjəʔ
early New Kingdomˈi > ˈe / _ˈnaːtaʔˈkʼiːmiʔˈtʼaːɾaʔˈtʼaʔtVfˈsaːʃVnˈpʰiːtʼaʔsaçˈʔaːjəʔ
New Kingdom, by c. 1350 B.C.E.unstressed [a, i, u] > ə / _ except #[ʔ, ʕ]_ and _ʔ#
unstressed [a, i, u] > ə / ʔ_ʔ#
unstressed [i, u] > a / #ʕ_
unstressed i > ə / #ʔ_
AFLMS unstressed a > ɞ / #ʔ_[m, p(ʰ), b, f, w]
unstressed u > ɞ / #ʔ_
unstressed [a, i, u] > a / _ʔ# except ʔ_		ˈnaːtaʔˈkʼiːmaʔˈtʼaːɾaʔˈtʼaʔtəfˈsaːʃənˈpʰiːtʼaʔsəçˈʔaːjəʔ
Late EgyptianNew Kingdom, by c. 1200 B.C.E.BFLMS ˈiː > ˈeː / _[ʕ, j]ˈnaːtaʔˈkʼiːmaʔˈtʼaːɾaʔˈtʼaʔtəfˈsaːʃənˈpʰiːtʼaʔsəçˈʔaːjəʔ
F ɞ > a / sometimes
ɞ > ə / _		ˈnaːtaʔˈkʼiːmaʔˈtʼaːɾaʔˈtʼaʔtəfˈsaːʃənˈpʰiːtʼaʔsəçˈʔaːjəʔ
AL unstressed a > ə / sometimes #[ʔ, ʕ]_ if the stressed vowel is ˈiː~ˈeˈnaːtaʔˈkʼiːmaʔˈtʼaːɾaʔˈtʼaʔtəfˈsaːʃənˈpʰiːtʼaʔsəçˈʔaːjəʔ
New Kingdomʔ > ∅ / _ except #_ and V́_ˈnaːtaˈkʼiːmaˈtʼaːɾaˈtʼaʔtəfˈsaːʃənˈpʰiːtʼasəˈçaːjə
New Kingdomb > p / V́_#ˈnaːtaˈkʼiːmaˈtʼaːɾaˈtʼaʔtəfˈsaːʃənˈpʰiːtʼasəˈçaːjə
New Kingdomb > β / _ except B _#ˈnaːtaˈkʼiːmaˈtʼaːɾaˈtʼaʔtəfˈsaːʃənˈpʰiːtʼasəˈçaːjə
late New Kingdom, c. 1200–1000 B.C.E.Canaanite shift: ˈaː > ˈoː / _ˈnoːtaˈkʼiːmaˈtʼoːɾaˈtʼaʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtʼasəˈçoːjə
late New Kingdom, after c. 1200 B.C.E.ə > ∅ / _#
unstressed a > ə / _#		ˈnoːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼaʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtʼəsəˈçoːj
Third Intermediate Period, c. 1000–800 B.C.E.ˈuː > ˈeː / _ˈnoːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼaʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtʼəsəˈçoːj
Third Intermediate Period, c. 1000–800 B.C.E.ˈu > ˈø / _ˈnoːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼaʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtʼəsəˈçoːj
Third Intermediate Period, c. 1000–800 B.C.E.A(L) ˈoː > ˈuː / _[ʔ, ʕ]
A(L) ˈeː > ˈiː / _[ʔ, ʕ]
AL ˈa > ˈo~ˈoː / _[ʔ, ʕ]		ˈnoːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼaʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtʼəsəˈçoːj
Third Intermediate Period, starting c. 1000 B.C.E.tʼ > t(ʰ) / _ except _V́
tʃʼ > tʃ(ʰ) / _ except _V́
[kʼ, qʼ] > k(ʰ) / _ except _V́		ˈnoːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼaʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsəˈçoːj
Third Intermediate Period onwardˈoː > ˈuː / [m, n]([h, ħ])_ except B _wˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼaʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsəˈçoːj
Third Intermediate Period to Late Periodˈoː > ˈuː / _[ɾ, l] in Semitic loanwords
ˈeː > ˈiː / sometimes _ɾ
ˈoː > ˈuː / _j		ˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼaʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsəˈçuːj
possibly after c. 800 B.C.E.F ɾ > l / in most cases; environment unclearˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼaʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsəˈçuːj
Demoticc. 700–450 B.C.E.B ˈa > ˈoː / _w$ except sometimes _w#
B ˈa > ˈoː / _j$ except sometimes _j#, and except when followed by a suffix pronoun
B ˈe > ˈoː / _w$ except sometimes _w#
B ˈe > ˈeː / _j$ except sometimes _j#		ˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsəˈçuːj
c. 700–450 B.C.E.BS ˈa > ˈo / _ except _[ħ, χ, ç, ʕ]
BS ˈe > ˈa / _ except _[h, β, l, m, n, ɾ] and sometimes S _ʔ#
BS ˈø > ˈa / _ except _[ʔ, ʕ]		ˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsəˈçuːj
c. 700 B.C.E.–100 C.E.FM ˈa > ˈe / _[ħ, χ, ç, ʕ]ˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsəˈçuːj
c. 700 B.C.E.–100 C.E.BS ˈeː > ˈe / _ħ
B ˈoː > ˈo / _ħ		ˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsəˈçuːj
c. 700 B.C.E.–100 C.E.FM ˈø > ˈeː / _[ʔ, ʕ]ˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsəˈçuːj
c. 700 B.C.E.–100 C.E.M ˈoː > ˈo / _ except _[ʔ, ʕ]ˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsəˈçuːj
c. 700 B.C.E.–100 C.E.A ˈew > ˈo~ˈoː / [m, n]([h, ħ])_#ˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsəˈçuːj
c. 700 B.C.E.–100 C.E.F ˈø > ˈeː / _j
F ˈe > ˈeː / _j		ˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsəˈçuːj
c. 700 B.C.E.–100 C.E.ALMS ˈe > ∅ / _[β, l, m, n, ɾ]C
ALMS ˈe > [β, l, m, n, ɾ] / _[β, l, m, n, ɾ][V, #]
F ˈe > ˈeː or sometimes ˈuː / _[β, l, m, n, ɾ]C
F ˈe > ˈeː[β, l, m, n, ɾ] or sometimes ˈuː[β, l, m, n, ɾ] / _[β, l, m, n, ɾ][V, #]		ˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsəˈçuːj
ˈø > ˈe / _ˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsəˈçuːj
ə > ∅ / often except #[ʔ, ʕ]_ and _(ʕ)#ˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsçuːj
wə > uː / #_ˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsçuːj
Cː > C / generally
Cː > mC or nC / occasionally		ˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsçuːj
p > β / _[t(ʰ), tʼ] except #_
p > β / occasionally [t(ʰ), tʼ]_		ˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsçuːj
B ʕ > ħ / sporadic and irregularˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsçuːj
S f > ɸ / _uːˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsçuːj
n > m / _([h, ħ])[p(ʰ), m]
B n > m / _([h, ħ])[β, b]		ˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsçuːj
S k > ŋ / m_#
S nk > ŋ / _#		ˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsçuːj
by c. 600 B.C.E.χ > k / sporadic, in a few wordsˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsçuːj
after c. 450 B.C.E.C(V̀)ʕ > ʕ(V̀)C / V́_ˈnuːtəˈkʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsçuːj
Late Period, after c. 400 B.C.E.qʼ > kʲʼ / in Semitic loanwords
kʼ > kʲʼ / in most cases; not fully predictable
k(ʰ) > kʲ(ʰ) / in half of cases; environment unclear		ˈnuːtəˈkʲʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsçuːj
Late Period, after c. 400 B.C.E.qʼ > kʼ / _ˈnuːtəˈkʲʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsçuːj
Late Period, c. 400–300 B.C.E.ç > x / _ˈnuːtəˈkʲʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsxuːj
Late Period, c. 400–300 B.C.E.BFLMS χ > ç / in most cases; environment unclear
χ > x / otherwise		ˈnuːtəˈkʲʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈsoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsxuːj
Late Period to Ptolemaic Period?s > ʃ / _ in the same word as ʃ
B s > ʃ / _ in the same word as ç
s > ʃ / often if t͡ʃʼ or t͡ʃ(ʰ) follow somewhere in the same word
s > ʃ / often _kʲʼ and _kʲ(ʰ)
ʃʃ > ʃ / _		ˈnuːtəˈkʲʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈʃoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsxuːj
Late Period to Ptolemaic Period, c. 450 B.C.E.–100 C.E.B ħ > ʔ / #_a (unstressed)
AS ħ > ʔ / sporadic, in a few words		ˈnuːtəˈkʲʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈʃoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsxuːj
by the 1st century C.E.S h > ∅ / Cʰ_ˈnuːtəˈkʲʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈʃoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsxuːj
Ptolemaic Period, c. 100–1 B.C.E.AFLMS Cʰ > C / _ˈnuːtəˈkʲʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈʃoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsxuːj
by c. 50 B.C.E.ˈiː > ˈeː / [m, n]([h, ħ])_ except _[m, n]ˈnuːtəˈkʲʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈʃoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsxuːj
by c. 1 C.E.S ə > ∅ / ʕ_#ˈnuːtəˈkʲʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈʃoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsxuːj
Roman Period, by c. 100 C.E.ħ > h / _ˈnuːtəˈkʲʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈʃoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsxuːj
Roman Period, after c. 100 C.E.B h > ∅ / sometimes Cʰ_ˈnuːtəˈkʲʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈʃoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsxuːj
Copticearly Roman Period (Demotic to Old Coptic)ʕ > ʔ / #_ and V́_
ʕ > ∅ / otherwise		ˈnuːtəˈkʲʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈʃoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsxuːj
Roman Period, c. 200 C.E.FLMS x > h / _ˈnuːtəˈkʲʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈʃoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsxuːj
Roman Period, early CopticBFLMS ç > ʃ / _
B kʲʼ > t͡ʃʼ / _
B kʲ(ʰ) > t͡ʃ(ʰ) / _		ˈnuːtəˈt͡ʃʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈʃoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsxuːj
by c. 900 C.E.ˈeː > ˈiː / often in Greek loanwordsˈnuːtəˈt͡ʃʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈʃoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsxuːj
by c. 900 C.E.ˈeː > ˈiː / sometimes if followed by a syllable without iː or ə#ˈnuːtəˈt͡ʃʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈʃoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsxuːj
by c. 900 C.E.[ˈeː, ˈe] > ˈa / _ˈnuːtəˈt͡ʃʼiːməˈtʼoːɾəˈtʼoʔtəfˈʃoːʃənˈpʰiːtəsxuːj
c. 1300–1400 C.E.B p > b / _ except _#
B [tʼ, t] > d / _ except _#
B [t͡ʃʼ, t͡ʃ] > d͡ʒ / _ except _#
B [kʼ, k] > g / _ except _#		ˈnuːdəˈd͡ʒiːməˈdoːɾəˈdoʔdəfˈʃoːʃənˈpʰiːdəsxuːj
c. 1300–1400 C.E.B Cʰ > C / _ˈnuːdəˈd͡ʒiːməˈdoːɾəˈdoʔdəfˈʃoːʃənˈpiːdəsxuːj
c. 1400 C.E.B p > b / _
B g > k / _
B β > w / _
B t͡ʃ > ʃ / _
B d͡ʒ > ɟ / _		ˈnuːdəˈɟiːməˈdoːɾəˈdoʔdəfˈʃoːʃənˈbiːdəsxuːj
1858–c. 1940 C.E.B Coptic pronunciation reform (introduction of artificial spelling pronunciation based on modern Greek)ˈnutiˈd͡ʒimiˈtoriˈtotefˈʃoʃenˈfitisxuj
language stagedating of changesound change“god”
ⲛⲟⲩϯ
nouti ! “find”
ϫⲓⲙⲓ
čimi ! “hand”
ⲧⲱⲣⲓ
tōri ! “his hand”
ⲧⲟⲧϥ
totf ! “lily”
ϣⲱϣⲉⲛ
šōšen ! “bow”
ⲫⲓϯ
phiti ! “scribes”
ⲥϧⲟⲩⲓ
sxoui

ဗျဥ်ဂမၠိုင်

[ပလေဝ်ဒါန်]
Consonants
Uniliteral
sign		 Transliteration IPA
Old Egyptian
c. 2500 B.C.E.		Middle Egyptian
c. 1700 B.C.E.		Late Egyptian
c. 800 B.C.E.		Egyptological pronunciation
c. 2000 C.E.
A
ꜣ//////, //, ∅, (//, //)//
i
 j // // //, //, ∅ //
y
ii
y// + //////
a
ꜥ////////
w
w//////, //, ∅//, //
b
b//////, ////
p
p////////
f
f////////
m
m//////, ////
n
n//////, ////
r
r//, ////, //, //, ////, //, //, //, ∅//
h
h////////
H
ḥ////////
x
ḫ////////
X
ẖ////////
z
z////////
s
s////////
S
š////////
q
q////////
k
k////////
g
g////////
t
t////, //, ////, //, //, ∅//
T
ṯ////, //, ////, //, //, ∅//
d
d////, ////, ////
D
ḏ////, ////, ////
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